jeudi 27 février 2014

Can there be more than one such creator?


The Quran tells us that this is impossible:
“God never had a child, nor have there been any gods beside him.  [Had there been any], each of them would have appropriated to himself what he created, and some would have overcome others…” (Quran 23:91)
This Quranic argument was paraphrased by some Muslims theologians in a way somewhat like the following:
The assumption that there are gods beside the one true God leads to false consequences and must therefore be false.  If there is more than one god, then:
(a)   if every detail of everything in the world was the result of the action of one of the gods, it cannot at the same time be the result of the action of another god.  But if,
(b)  some things in the world were created by some gods, and others by other gods, then each god would rule independently over what he created, which means that nothing in his world can even in principle, be influenced by anything outside it.  But this contradicts the observed unity and interdependence of the world.  And if that is impossible, then
(c)   some gods will overcome others, but if that happens then the ones who are vanquished cannot be true gods. There can, therefore, be no more than one creator.


How does this creator create?  Since He is self-sufficient, He cannot be said to depend on anything outside Himself in any actions, and cannot therefore be said to produce His effects the way natural causes do.  But if He is not a natural cause, He must be a volitional agent.  And since intention implies knowledge, and knowledge and intention imply life, he must be a living being.  Since He is an eternal and everlasting being, all His attributes must reflect this quality; thus He must be not only knowing, but all-knowing, not only powerful, but all-powerful, etc.
Since no matter in any form can answer to these attributes, and since all these attributes are implied by the two attributes of eternity and everlastingness, no form of matter can be either eternal or everlasting, and thus no matter of any form can play the role of that ultimate cause.  This much of the attributes that an eternal and everlasting creator must have is enough, I suppose, to show that it cannot be matter.

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